Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

Characteristic profiles of patients with diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 during the second epidemic wave in East Java, Indonesia: a retrospective study

  • Batari Retno Minanti ,
  • Soebagijo Adi Soelistijo ,
  • Agung Pranoto ,


Abstract

Background: The transmissibility and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are higher in the delta variant (B.1.617.2) infection responsible for Indonesia's second epidemic wave. This study aimed to establish an epidemiological profile of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus, a comorbid that has been widely suggested for its association with increased severity and mortality.

Methods: This study employed a retrospective observation on medical records from May to December 2021. Patients (n=115) aged >18 presented with COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus were enrolled. The SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by a pharyngeal swab sample's reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The diabetic condition was determined by previous medical records and persistent level of random blood sugar (RBS) of >200 mg/dL. Demographic, clinical characteristics, COVID-19 symptoms, radiological findings, and hematological and coagulopathy markers were collected from the medical records. The data were presented as frequency (%) assigned based on severity levels: mild, moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19.

Results: A group of patients aged 50—59 years had higher prevalence of severe COVID-19 (n=14; 28.6%) than the other groups. Severe cases were relatively more common in a group with body mass index (BMI) ranged from 30—<35 kg/m2 (n=13; 27.1%). Notably higher number of severe cases was recorded in patients having <3.5 mg/dL albumin (n=11 out of 50), >200 mg/dL RBS (n=22 out of 93), and ≥1 μg/mL D-dimer (n=18 out of 73). Critical COVID-19 cases were found in those with C-reactive protein levels of <5 mg/L (n=6; 6.8%) and procalcitonin levels of ≥0.05 ng/mL (n=6; 7.1%). Patients who had stage 1 and 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) were found to develop critical COVID-19 with a frequency of 5.9% (n=2) and 10.5% (n=4), respectively.

Conclusion: The severity of COVID-19 in diabetic patients is indicatively associated with the age, BMI, hematological and coagulopathy markers, and CKD. Active monitoring of these parameters in diabetic COVID-19 patients is encouraged.

Keywords: blood glucose chronic disease comorbidity pneumonia SARS-CoV-2

References

  1. Dhama K, Nainu F, Frediansyah A, Yatoo MI, Mohapatra RK, Chakraborty S, et al. Global emerging Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Impacts, challenges and strategies. J Infect Public Health. 2022/11/19. 2023;16(1):4–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36446204
  2. Maher MC, Bartha I, Weaver S, di Iulio J, Ferri E, Soriaga L, et al. Predicting the mutational drivers of future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Sci Transl Med. 2022/02/23. 2022;14(633):eabk3445–eabk3445. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35014856
  3. Sharun K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Natesan S, Megawati D, Singh KP, et al. A comprehensive review on pharmacologic agents, immunotherapies and supportive therapeutics for COVID-19. Narra J. 2022;2(3):e92. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.52225/narra.v2i3.92
  4. Viveiros-Rosa SG, Mendes CDS, Farfán-Cano GG, El-Shazly M. The race for clinical trials on Omicron-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates: Updates from global databases. Narra J. 2022;2(3):e88. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.52225/narra.v2i3.88
  5. Masyeni S, Iqhrammullah M, Frediansyah A, Nainu F, Tallei T, Emran T Bin, et al. Molnupiravir: A lethal mutagenic drug against rapidly mutating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-A narrative review. J Med Virol. 2022/04/02. 2022;94(7):3006–16. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35315098
  6. Dyer O. Covid-19: Indonesia becomes Asia’s new pandemic epicentre as delta variant spreads. BMJ. 2021;n1815. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1815
  7. Chookajorn T, Kochakarn T, Wilasang C, Kotanan N, Modchang C. Southeast Asia is an emerging hotspot for COVID-19. Nat Med. 2021;27(9):1495–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01471-x
  8. Ariani N. Antenatal care services utilization during COVID-19 second wave attack in Pasuruan, Indonesia. J Med Life. 2022;15(1):7–14. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35186130
  9. Adjei S, Hong K, Molinari N-AM, Bull-Otterson L, Ajani UA, Gundlapalli A V, et al. Mortality Risk Among Patients Hospitalized Primarily for COVID-19 During the Omicron and Delta Variant Pandemic Periods - United States, April 2020-June 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(37):1182–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36107788
  10. Soegiarto G, Purnomosari D, Wulandari L, Mahdi BA, Fahmita KD, Hadmoko ST, et al. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospital workers before and after vaccination programme in East Java, Indonesia-A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Heal Southeast Asia. 2022/12/12. 2023;10:100130. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36531927
  11. Yanti B, Hadi S, Harrika F, Shehzad A. Giant bronchopleural fistula and empyema in a tuberculosis patient with diabetes mellitus: Vista from a high tuberculosis burden country in Southeast Asia. Narra J. 2022;2(2). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.52225/narra.v2i2.81
  12. Bouzid D, Visseaux B, Kassasseya C, Daoud A, Fémy F, Hermand C, et al. Comparison of Patients Infected With Delta Versus Omicron COVID-19 Variants Presenting to Paris Emergency Departments : A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2022/03/15. 2022;175(6):831–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286147
  13. Abu-Ashour W, Twells LK, Valcour JE, Gamble J-M. Diabetes and the occurrence of infection in primary care: a matched cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):67. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29402218
  14. Rathmann W, Kuss O, Kostev K. Incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes after Covid-19. Diabetologia. 2022/03/16. 2022;65(6):949–54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35292829
  15. Puspitaningrum WA, Afiana Zaen N, Umbul Wahjuni C. Epidemiology of covid-19 cases in the klaten district in 2020. J Berk Epidemiol. 2022;10(2):210–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v10i22022.210-218
  16. Mula-Abed W-AS, Al Rasadi K, Al-Riyami D. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR): A Serum Creatinine-Based Test for the Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease and its Impact on Clinical Practice. Oman Med J. 2012;27(2):108–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22496934
  17. Nadzifah YN, Hidajah AC. The Relationship Of Diabetes Mellitus And Hypertension With Mortality In Covid-19 Patients. J Berk Epidemiol. 2022;10(2):219–26. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v10i22022.219-226
  18. Bintoro SUY, Dwijayanti NMI, Pramudya D, Amrita PN, Romadhon PZ, Asmarawati TP, et al. Hematologic and coagulopathy parameter as a survival predictor among moderate to severe COVID-19 patients in non-ICU ward: a single-center study at the main referral hospital in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. F1000Research. 2021;10:791. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904053
  19. Smati S, Tramunt B, Wargny M, Gourdy P, Hadjadj S, Cariou B. COVID-19 and Diabetes Outcomes: Rationale for and Updates from the CORONADO Study. Curr Diab Rep. 2022;22(2):53–63. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35171448
  20. Wu C-T, Lidsky P V, Xiao Y, Lee IT, Cheng R, Nakayama T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment. Cell Metab. 2021/05/18. 2021;33(8):1565-1576.e5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34081912
  21. Pal R, Bhadada SK. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: An unholy interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020/05/06. 2020;14(4):513–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32388331
  22. Deng F, Gao D, Ma X, Guo Y, Wang R, Jiang W, et al. Corticosteroids in diabetes patients infected with COVID-19. Ir J Med Sci. 2020/06/25. 2021;190(1):29–31. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32588377
  23. Zahra Z, Ramadhani CT, Mamfaluti T, Pamungkas SR, Firdausa S. Association between depression and HbA1c levels in the elderly population with type 2 diabetes mellitus during COVID-19 pandemic. Narra J. 2022;2(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.52225/narra.v2i1.51
  24. Hikmah K, Helda H, Killeen C. Coronavirus-Related Anxiety With Hyperglycemia In Type 2 Diabetes Patients. J Berk Epidemiol. 2022;10(2):111–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v10i22022.111-120
  25. Fitria M, Febrianti T, Salama N. Determinant Factors Of Covid-19 Mortality In East Jakarta In 2021. J Berk Epidemiol. 2023;11(1):85–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v11i12023.85-91
  26. Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(7):e3319–e3319. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32233013
  27. Zhang Q, Wei Y, Chen M, Wan Q, Chen X. Clinical analysis of risk factors for severe COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2020/06/29. 2020;34(10):107666. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32636061
  28. Bast E, Tang F, Dahn J, Palacio A. Increased risk of hospitalization and death with the delta variant in the USA. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):1629–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34838221
  29. Anders H-J, Huber TB, Isermann B, Schiffer M. CKD in diabetes: diabetic kidney disease versus nondiabetic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14(6):361–77. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0001-y
  30. Srivastava SP, Srivastava R, Chand S, Goodwin JE. Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 and Diabetic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(8):751. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451848
  31. Huang I, Pranata R, Lim MA, Oehadian A, Alisjahbana B. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and ferritin in severe coronavirus disease-2019: a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020;14:1753466620937175–1753466620937175. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32615866
  32. Mudatsir M, Fajar JK, Wulandari L, Soegiarto G, Ilmawan M, Purnamasari Y, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Research. 2020;9:1107. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33163160
  33. Wardhani SO, Fajar JK, Nurarifah N, Hermanto DH, Fatonah S, Djajalaksana S, et al. The predictors of high titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody of convalescent plasma donors. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal. 2021/05/10. 2021;11:100763. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33997476
  34. Indah RA, Huriah T. Factors of the elderly being exposed to COVID-19: a scoping review. Bali Med J. 2021;10(3):1253-6. Available from: https://balimedicaljournal.org/index.php/bmj/article/view/2876

How to Cite

Minanti, B. R., Soelistijo, S. A. ., & Pranoto, A. . (2023). Characteristic profiles of patients with diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 during the second epidemic wave in East Java, Indonesia: a retrospective study. Bali Medical Journal, 12(1), 1120–1126. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i1.4208
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

HTML
5

Total
0

Share

Search Panel

Batari Retno Minanti
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Soebagijo Adi Soelistijo
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Agung Pranoto
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal